Is the Pentagon’s $8B Shutdown Pay Fix Legal?
antideficiency act dod funding federal employment law federal shutdown military pay Oct 16, 2025The Defense Department says it will tap about $8 billion in leftover research-and-development funds to pay service members during the shutdown. The President directed the Pentagon to “use all available funds,” and DoD responded by locating unobligated RDT&E (Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation) funds from the prior fiscal year. It’s a creative move—but legally fragile.
Two federal statutes define the boundaries here. The Antideficiency Act bars agencies from obligating or spending money without a valid appropriation, except in narrow, emergency circumstances. The Purpose Statute (31 U.S.C. § 1301(a)) adds another wall: funds appropriated for one purpose can’t be used for another unless Congress explicitly authorizes it.
RDT&E funding was never meant for payroll. It’s multi-year money designated for technology development, testing, and evaluation—not personnel costs. Turning it into “pay and allowances” would require moving those funds into the Military Personnel account under DoD’s transfer authority. That authority has strict limits: it’s capped (recently raised to $8 billion), requires congressional notification, and can’t create an appropriation that doesn’t already exist. Expired accounts can’t take on new obligations. In plain English: you can’t swipe a research card to pay salaries.
Why the Plan Looks Legally Vulnerable
Even if DoD tries to reprogram or transfer the funds, three tests apply. The shift must (1) address a higher-priority, unforeseen requirement; (2) not fund something Congress denied; and (3) stay within statutory limits. GAO decisions over the years have enforced these guardrails strictly. Paying troops is morally urgent—but legal necessity isn’t the same as moral necessity under the Antideficiency Act.
The Pentagon may succeed in cutting this week’s checks before oversight bodies or courts intervene. But the plan could still face GAO scrutiny, congressional investigations, and potential litigation. It’s a one-time patch, not a sustainable fix. Without new appropriations or a “Pay Our Troops” bill, the next paycheck remains in doubt.
What Federal Employees Should Do
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Service members: You’ll likely see your October 15 pay, but future pay periods remain uncertain.
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DoD civilians: This workaround doesn’t extend to you—shutdown and back-pay rules still apply.
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All federal employees: Keep documentation of any instructions to work. Unless you’re “excepted,” unpaid work during a funding lapse risks violating the Antideficiency Act.
OMB’s own shutdown guidance stresses those boundaries. If you’re unsure about your status, ask in writing and save the response.
You serve with integrity. You deserve clear, lawful funding—not last-minute financial improvisation. We’ll keep tracking this issue and update you as congressional or GAO action unfolds.
Legal Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. While I am a federal employment attorney, this post does not create an attorney-client relationship. Every situation is unique, and legal outcomes depend on specific facts and circumstances.
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